Using the Spanish Verb Llegar

Utilizing the Spanish Verb Llegar In spite of the fact that llegar commonly is made an interpretation of as to show up, it has a more extensive scope of employments than does the English word and is regularly utilized metaphorically. To come is likewise a typical interpretation. Remember Llegar normally conveys showing up at a goal, either truly or figuratively.Llegar a followed by ser or another infinitive conveys the possibility of landing in an objective or circumstance out of the blue or after extensive effort.In terms of articulation, llegar is conjugated consistently, albeit now and then its spelling changes to oblige the closure. Utilizing Llegar for Arriving In its most normal utilization, llegar alludes to landing in a spot. The goal is much of the time went before by the relational word an, and de can be utilized to demonstrate the beginning: Por balance llegamos a Madrid. (We at long last showed up at Madrid.)Cuando llego a casa hago mis tareas. (At the point when I return home Ill do my homework.)Llegaron a Mã ©xico los cuerpos de estudiantes muertos en Ecuador. (The assortments of the understudies executed in Ecuador showed up in Mexico.)Llegaron de diferentes partes de Espaã ±a. (They originated from various pieces of Spain.)Hay miles de refugiados que llegan de frica. (There are a huge number of outcasts who are showing up from Africa.) As can the English word show up, llegar can likewise allude to the happening to a period: Llegã ³ la hora de la verdad. (The critical point in time is here. Truly, the hour of truth came.)Ya llega la primavera. (Spring is now here. Truly, spring previously showed up.) Utilizing Llegar for Reaching a Goal Llegar can frequently allude to the coming to of an objective, physical or something else: Los tres mexicanos llegaron a la cima del Everest. (The three Mexicans arrived at the highest point of Everest.)El museo llegã ³ a las 100.000 visitas en menos de un aã ±o. (The exhibition hall arrived at 100,000 visits in under a year.)Microsoft y Marvel llegaron an un acuerdo para distribuir los videojuegos. (Microsoft and Marvel agreed for dispersing video games.)No puedo llegar a blade de mes. (I cannot make it as far as possible of the month.) The expression llegar a ser commonly recommends a long or troublesome time of progress to become something: Nunca lleguã © a ser specialist. (I never turned into a doctor.)Diez de estas tribus llegaron a ser la Europa moderna. (Ten of these clans became current Europe.) ¿Cà ³mo fue que los computadores llegaron a ser parte de nuestra sociedad? (How could it be that PCs came to be a piece of our general public?) Llegar With Infinitives When llegar an is trailed by an infinitive, it is regularly what might be compared to the English to come to. It frequently conveys the implication that the action is outrageous, strange, or surprising. Note how an assortment of interpretations can be utilized: Algunos seguidores del candidato llegaron a llorar mientras escuchaban a su lã ­der. (A portion of the applicants adherents even cried while tuning in to their leader.)Los Leones nunca llegaron a ganar un campeonato. (The Lions never came to win a championship.)Llegà ³ a decirme que mi pequeã ±a time mocosa. (He ventured to such an extreme as to reveal to me that my little one was a brat.)Lleguà © a comprender lo que querã ­a decir. (I even came to comprehend what he needed to state.) Colloquialisms Using Llegar Llegar is utilized in an assortment of colloquialisms and set expressions. Here are a few models: La secuela no llega a la suela del zapato al unique. (The spin-off doesnt compare to the original.)Las negociaciones entre el equipo y Gustavo Torres llegaron a buen puerto. (The exchanges between the group and Gustavo Torres arrived at an agreeable conclusion.)La empresa que no construya confianza no llegar lejos. (The business that doesnt manufacture certainty wont get far.)El cantante llegã ³ y besã ³ el santo con su canciã ³n Silencio. (The artist had accomplishment on his first attempt with his melody Silencio.)Afortunadamente no llegã ³ la sangre al rã ­o, gracias a la rpida reacciã ³n de mis amigos. (Luckily, there were no genuine outcomes, because of the fast response of my friends.)Despuà ©s de insultarse, llegaron a las manos. (In the wake of offending one another, they reached boiling point.) Conjugating Llegar Llegar is conjugated routinely as far as accentuation, yet not as far as spelling. The last g should be changed to gu when followed by an e. This happens in the primary individual demonstrative preterite (lleguã ©, I showed up) and in the subjunctive and basic dispositions. Along these lines it follows the example of pagar.

Week Two Discussion Questons and Participation Questions Essay

Week Two Discussion Questons and Participation Questions - Essay Example Amusingly Toyota before the outrage had outstanding amongst other quality track records in the business. Lawful dangers can be limited by remembering provisions for the deal of new vehicles that record to what extent a guarantee endures. Administrative organizations can majorly affect the ordinary activities of an endeavor. An administrative office that manages all assembling tasks in America is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The crucial EPA is to ensure human wellbeing and to secure nature. One of the laws EPA authorizes is the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act manages air outflows from fixed and versatile sources (EPA, 2010). Because of the thorough natural standard in the United States certain global companies wanted to build up auxiliaries in outside area where the ecological laws are gentler. This methodology can be utilized to dodge ecological strategies. Another ecological law that the EPA manages is the Safe Drinking Water Act. This Act secures the nature of the water US residents expend. In poor immature nations, for example, the countries situated in the Sub-Saharan desert there is significant water shortage and the nature of the water is amazingly poor. The presence of administrative offices, fo r example, the EPA secures the personal satisfaction of the individuals. In your conversation you referenced that a few enterprises can dodge natural laws by moving to areas outside the United States. I accept this training is unscrupulous in light of the fact that these organizations realize that they are harming the earth with contaminating specialists. An approach to stop this training is for the United Nations to make a worldwide ecological organization to manage the action of partnerships. Along these lines organizations should adjust to the worldwide laws which should help lower air, soil, and water contamination. Inside your reactions you referenced that a method to manage item liabilities is to set up guarantee conventions. For instance in the

Do I have enough Professional Experience to apply COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Do I have enough Professional Experience to apply COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Fall 2013 admission deadline is quickly approaching.   Our inbox are receiving more emails and our phones are ringing frequently with questions.   In the final weeks before the application deadline, we have been posting comments on some of the more popular questions, such as GREs, letters of recommendations, and essays.   We will continue to discuss other topics of the application so stay tuned.   Todays topic is on the importance of pre-SIPA professional experience. Why is working before SIPA so important? SIPA is a professional school.   By this we mean that classes, extracurricular activities and student initiatives are generally tailored towards the professional, pre and post SIPA world.   The richness of the school consists precisely on the professional diversity of its student body â€" from social entrepreneurs in Rwanda to management consultants in NYC or government officials in Mexico â€" SIPA students bring with them infinite wisdom on how things work out there. Having been part of the professional world will not only give you great stories for all of your fellow classmates to benefit from, but you will also find how much more practical value what you learn can have.   Sometimes it is not until you are sitting in a project management classroom that you realize how much dealing with a particular client taught you, or until you take statistics for the first time that you think about how much more you could have done in your work if you had knowledge of Stata. How much is too little? How long do you need to have worked in order to fit well at SIPA?   Well, it depends.   Sometimes it is not about the years that you have worked, but what is it that you did and what was your impact.   It doesn’t always have to be a formal full time job.   Internship and volunteer experiences that have been significant enough to shape who you are and why you want to come to SIPA also count. On average, the Admissions Committee likes to see students with at least one or two years of professional work experience, but often more is better, so our student body usually stands somewhere between 3 and 5 years of pre-SIPA work.   The more the better because you will have had more time to experience, think, and be certain that SIPA is what you want. Some applicants manage to get to this stage at a younger age; every year the Admissions Committee admits a small number of applicants who recently graduated.   This impressive bunch usually makes up 10% of the incoming class, and they tend to be students that despite their young age have taken advantage of volunteering, travel and internship opportunities extensively and come across to be very confident about why SIPA is the right next step for them. So if you are one of those young applicants doubting if you should apply or not, sit down, take a pencil and reflect upon the experiences you have had as a student, intern or volunteer.   You will be able to get a sense of whether or not you have a shot of being one of the 10% admitted .   As a final piece of advice, if graduate school is truly what you want, be confident that you will make it happen, sooner or later.

The Destructiveness Of The Slave Trade - 985 Words

ATIENZA, Rizsa Mae 03 October 2015 Fall 2015 HIST 177 Primary Document Analysis The Destructiveness of the Slave Trade Olaudah Equiano begins the narrative by describing his home. He paints for his audience a charming, very fruitful picture of his province Essaka. It was a place where all the neighborhood children would come together and play whilst their parents were away laboring in the fields. He recalls being taught by his mother how to defend himself. They would practice shooting and throwing javelins-all the ways of their greatest warriors. It was to his utter dismay however; that he would never again be able to relive those moments, for he and his sister had been captured. He stated that an end was put to his happiness the day they were kidnapped. He goes on to speak of the days following the abduction, and how he and his sister tried to resist and break free but to no avail. The little comfort they found was in each other, but it was not long before they too were forced to separate. Olaudah’s narrative shines light on the resistance of many African captives while sharing his very own e xperience and the resentment he felt towards the hostile and desensitizing slave trade. Early in the passage Olaudah makes a comparison of his people to the Jews. He lists the similarities in their cultural practices, such as: circumcision, feasting, and the naming of their children after special events or circumstances. His purpose in doing this was to legitimize his people byShow MoreRelatedEssay on Term African Slave Trade1700 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican slave trade, do you realize that over 10 million people were removed from that continent in less than 500 years? Some scholars believe it may be as large a number as 20 million.1 I would like to pose a few questions and attempt to answer them in this collection of writings and opinions. 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The County Sheriff led the whites to revenge letting nothing stop in their path of destructiveness. At the end of the week, seventy to two-hundred and fifty blacks were killed in the area and the town of Rosewood had been completely destroyed. The events which occurred at Rosewood in 1923 were widely reported at that time not only by theRead MoreThe Historical Context Of Shakespeare s Titus Andronicus 1321 Words   |  6 Pageshad to guarantee that his daughter marries as a virgin and the husband had to control his wife so she would only bear his children. Economically women were dependent on men because they were not allowed to have their own business or be involved in trade. They were seen as objects of bartering that men traded with and treated as if they were property. 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For many years it has been a fact that the money that has been made by selling other humans to the highest bidder. It is also known that the organized crime operations generate one of the most profitable resources to the organization. These organizations use this money for theirs or other’s crime and end up in the hands of drug lords. Drug lords, in order to promoteRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1771 Words   |  8 Pagesmeans of establishing control early on, slave owners would begin to strip the slaves of any identity they had. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself. Douglass writes how he, as well as many other salves do not even know their own birthdate. â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age†, (pg 946). Douglass further reiterates that this is not an uncommon practice by stating, â€Å"By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as a horseRead MoreThe Influence of Immigration in America2615 Words   |  11 Pages1612 pioneers begin to plant tobacco. In that same year Jamestown was made the paramount of Virginia. The earliest meeting called representative assembly was held in 1619 and also in this year Jamestown was the first to introduce black slaves into the states which were the 13 colonies. The Indians attacked the pioneers village twice once in 1622 and 1644 killing 850 people. Pioneers boycotted the commandment of William Berkley and cauterized Jamestown the paramount was rebuilt in townRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour.2846 Words   |  12 Pagesintentionality†1 Three Models of Self-Destructiveness There are three models that represent self-defeating behaviours on the basis of â€Å"intentionality.†1 1. Primary self-destruction - This model includes those human beings who deliberately and intentionally hurt themselves. Those in this group, usually intentionally choose an action that they know will bring harm to them. For Example - masochism 2. The second conceptual model of self-defeating behaviour is called, â€Å"trade-off†1. This behaviour is doneRead MoreAleksandr Solzhenitsyn : The Battleline Between Good And Evil Runs Through The Heart Of Every Man2473 Words   |  10 Pagescommon folk. Arrow, Panosian and Gelband even state that â€Å"falciparum malaria (the deadliest form of malaria species in humans) contributed to the fall of Rome† (126). Malaria also effected the United States. During the Atlantic Slave Trade, it was carried over by African slaves and transmitted to American settlers and descendants of Native Americans. During the Civil War, malaria resurfaced after disappearing from the United States for a couple of years. Malaria weakened soldiers fighting the war which

Descriptive Essay About Seneca Rocks - 1285 Words

Somewhere Among the Hills Among the Blue-Ridge Mountains in West Virginia, Seneca Rocks remains a place that values preservation of nature, its history, a family-oriented environment, and the safety and well-being of those who visit. I have visited Seneca Rocks at least three times in my 18 years and it is a very common place in my hometown, therefore, my personal experience helps me determine its values. â€Å"Seneca Rocks is a bare white sandstone sheet of rocks with sheer cliffs, towering 900 feet above the surrounding valley in the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia’s Panhandle. This giant slab of rocks has been there for 440 million years. The rock sits along U.S Route 33 and is about 34 miles east of Elkins.† (Bob Downing, Akron†¦show more content†¦Whetsell.† (Bob Downing, Akron Beacon Journal (MCT) â€Å"West Virginia was chosen for this training school because of the terrain was similar to Italy and its Apennine Mountains which was where the soldiers were headed next. Roughly 180 men and officers went through this school every two weeks to learn alpine combat techniques. The training included easy rock scrambling to extreme tension with pitons. It also included the use of assault ropes and pulleys. Each group made two tactical night climbs on unfamiliar rocks. (Bob Downing, Akron Beacon Journal (MCT) â€Å"Those who participated in this school camped along the river north of Seneca Rocks. Each climbing instructor had a total of ten men to train. At the end of the first week the instructor had to drop the weakest climbers and the remaining six got an additional week of advanced climbing.† (Bob Downing, Akron Beacon Journal (MCT) Most people don’t know this history lesson of Seneca Rocks. â€Å"Climbers today have still come across rusting soft-iron pitons that were hammered into the Tuscarora quartzite. This isn’t surprising considering more than 75,000 pitons were reportedly installed on Seneca Rocks by the soldier climbers in 1943-1944. One area at Seneca Rocks has been dubbed the Face of Thousand Pitons.† (Bob Downing, Akron Beacon Journal (MCT) Another key value to Seneca Rocks is having a family-oriented environment. It is a very popular tourist attraction, especially in the summerShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEnvironment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost

Labor Union in the United States Free Essays

The United States Labor Unions can be considered as an organized group that usually represent the workers from their employees, aimed to legally function as a representative in a legal manner, in the various field or industries. Their activities are centered in the collective bargaining for wage increase, the proper implementation of benefits, good working conditions, and served as a representative if the company neglects or violates provisions from the contract. Aside from these focal points, the Labor Unions also served as a political influence (specifically inside the Democratic Party) through different coalitions with the same principle oriented activists and through strategic mobilization aimed at strengthening the numbers of their memberships. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Union in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now The evolution of Labor Union in the United States dated way back from the 18th Century. From the conception of the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor- which were short-lived, followed by the rise of the American Federation of Labor in 1886. The 1900 saw the emergence of the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905, the eventual splitting of the AFL in 1938 and the birth of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), the merger of AFL and CIO in 1955, and the founding of the Change to Win Federation which emerged after splitting from the AFL-CIO umbrella in 2005. In general, the history of the United States Labor Union was categorized into four: The early Unions, the labor history from 1900-1932, labor history from 1932- 1955, the labor history from 1955 to 2005, and the labor union at present. Within these periods, several unprecedented and relevant events happened such as the Pullman strike and the Haymarket riot (between 1886 and 1894), the coal strikes (1900-1902), Dual Unionism, Gompers and AFL, Railroad Brotherhoods, the effect of World War 1 and 2, the New Deal Labor Policy, New Deal Coalition and PAC, Taft-Hartley Act, issues of corruptions, civil rights movement, the rise of the Public Sector Unions, the decline of the private sector unions, the NAFTA and the International Trade threat. The first local labor union (the Early Unions), the Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, was established in 1867 having an approximate of around 50,000 members by year 1870. The group resisted certain encroachments of several machineries and the matter of non-skilled labor regarding the autonomy of such skilled workers. Though considered the largest union at that time, the group was poorly disorganized that caused to its decline and eventual abolishment. After the abolishment of the Order of the Knights, the Knights of Labor was established in 1869. It was considered the first functional and effective labor union or organization through an effort of enlisting not only the laborers in their ranks but also believed in protecting the common interests of all groups engaged in production. Â  Their leader, Terence Powderly, initiated several causes through the influence of politics or by cooperative tie-ups and ventures. Though he hoped towards achieving their causes, the Union collapsed on its first big strike during the Hayment Riot in 1886. In 1886, after the abolishment of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor was established. It was comprised mostly of confederations of skilled workers responsible of setting the organizational model being used until today. During this transition, from the Order of the Knights to the establishment of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), a major strike transpired that added much significant effects on U.S. economical status. The Pullman strike, happened on June 26, 1894 with around 125,000 workers on an approximate 29 railroad stations, quit their work instead of working on Pullman Palace Car Company. The cause of the strike was the declined decision of the company to decrease rent on the town of Pullman. The effect was a total production shutdown of the Pullman factories that eventually led to a lock out. United States Marshals and approximately 2,000 soldiers were deployed to break up the strike, leaving around $340,000 worth of damage properties, 57 wounded and 13 strikers killed. The American Federation of Labor or AFL was established by Samuel Gompers. The federation comprised mostly of skilled and unskilled workers, except for the African American and women who were excluded. This started the Labor Union history from 1900-1932, and from this period several developments transpired such as the increase in unionized wages, the creation of Clayton Act of 1914, the enactment of the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932, the coalition formed by the Socialist Party of America, and the most common events- strikes. The Coal strike of 1900-1902 was considered one of the most comprehensive strikes ever happened creating a political crisis on a national scale. It was spearheaded by the United Mine Workers on the Midwest that started in 1900. The United States President at that time, Theodore Roosevelt, made a compromise on the miners on increasing their wages for shorter hours but excluded the view of recognizing the union as the workers representative in the bargaining table. Another strike that transpired was the Great Railroad Strike happened in 1922, wherein a nationwide strike was conducted by shop workers of the railroad. The cause of the strike was the decision of the Railroad Labor Board to cut seven cents from the workers wages thus creating hostility and an approximate 400,000 positions vacated by the strikers. The strike eventually died down on a local level since some of the shop workers did made agreements with the railroads after. The Labor history of 1932- 1955 witnessed the founding of another influential Union in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), founded by John Llewellyn Lewis, who eventually also the President of the United Mine Workers or UMW. The CIO was instrumental in the establishment of the United Steel Workers of America or the USWA that consisted of around millions of organized group of industrial workers during the 1930’s. His desire to expand the union’s membership and acquire in organizing the steel industry lead to an effort of organizing steel workers. This put him into a contrast between the AFL since he was concerned on organizing all industrial unions and workers in a specific industry instead of in a particular craft or trade skill only. Â  The conflict was then resolved by establishing the CIO but the leader of the AFL, William Green, opposed such. The CIO hoped to have a change of policy within the AFL with regards to their industrial organizing but the AFL treated them as an enemy and antagonism arose leading to the formal establishment of the CIO in 1938 to become its rival federation union. Since then the CIO was instrumental in several sit-down strikes such as the Flint sit-down strike, and the Chrysler sit-down strike. Their actual members were approximated at 2,850,000 from various members of the local labor unions such as coming from the Steel Workers, Electrical Workers, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Rubber Workers, and United Mine Workers. (Karson, 1958). The negotiations of the Flint Sit-Down strike led the way for the establishment of the United Auto Workers Union or UAW in 1936- 1937. Walter Reuther took control of the union during the war and soon initiated some major strikes. The UAW eventually led the way for the merging of the AFL and the CIO in 1955. From 1955 to present, the labor unions consisted of two major organizations: the Change to Win Federation who broke up with the ALF-CIO in 2005, and the American Federation of Labor- Congress of Industrial Organizations. Both groups advocates legislations and policies in favor to the workers of the United States and Canada, took active participation in politics specifically favoring the Democratic Party. While the AFL-CIO is concerned with trade issues in a global perspective, the Change to Win Federation is concerned more in issues involving domestic Craft labor. Union members of the private sector have been severely regulated by the NLRA or the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. The unions are usually regulated in a sense by state laws and partly by federal laws. Thus it resulted in considerable growth rates, and working conditions as well as the wages are brought into negotiations with the elected state and local officials, therefore enhancing the political influences of the Unions. Other manifestation of unionism may include Solidarity unionism, minority unionism, and the practices being employed by an organization like the Industrial Workers of the World. The American Union membership specifically in the private sector has fallen by an approximate of 9% .and only the Commercial group retained some 50% of union representation. It also remained an indispensable political influence and the capital mobility, economic liberalization, and globalization improved in a tremendous fashion uplifting the standard of living being enjoyed by the American workers. In a real sense the Labor Union in the United States served as a role model for labor Domestic force. It’s served as a representative, an intermediary, for the social workers welfare against the violations of the Company to achieve specific arrangements that will benefit both workers and the Administration. References Commons, John R. (1918). History of Labour in the United States – Vol. 2 1860-1896. Karson, Marc (1958). American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918. Beik, Millie (2005). Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History. . How to cite Labor Union in the United States, Essay examples

Language policy in Saudi Arabia

Introduction Language acts as an important tool that makes sure there is effective communication. It is actually not easy to communicate without the spoken words. Language has its usefulness to human development as research has found. Actually it would be difficult for people to think and actually associate the things and concepts they come across.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Language policy in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sharing of these ideas and concepts through language leads to the development of humans in general. Many countries therefore have their own crafted language policy, since language has been found to be crucial to society. To achieve this, many countries have established their national languages, and even official languages which they would expect its citizens to use. Education policy of the country therefore should be crafted to cater for language as it plays a majo r role in the society. In Saudi Arabia for instance, the national language is Arabic. This therefore means that most Saudis do communicate their thoughts using this language. However, in Saudi Arabia there are systems of education which teach English too, hence a crop of bilinguals in the country. This paper will actually look at the bilingual language policy in Saudi Arabia. The paper will in essence give a brief to establish a partial immersion program. All the issues to do with bilingual education will critically be presented so as to provide a rich background to the brief. Rationale Leaning of a second language has been viewed as a way of enhancing the cognitive development as to whether bilingualism, the ability to use two different languages, has any advantages. However, subsequent studies have shown an encouraging picture. In Saudi Arabia there are both private and public schools. Most private schools have embraced teaching of other languages. Due to the current trends such a s globalization and general advances in information technology there has been a drive for countries to encourage learning of English language. English language has been dubbed the language of information technology since most of its codes and systems are designed in that language.Advertising Looking for coursework on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This in effect has an impact on what the countries economic outlook will be since most of the trade is being done through the online markets with wider marketing of English speakers. Saudi Arabia being one of the market players in this globalised world is faced with the daunting task of making sure its citizenry is not left behind. Bilingualism has therefore got several advantages for the country. For instance in one study carried out in the US it was established that Latinos who were able to speak English as well as Spanish were doing better economically as compared to t he rest who were only able to speak one language Garcia ( 2009). Cognitive development of the learner has been seen to develop rapidly when a learner is exposed to another language. In fact it has been found out that bilingualism will aid the development of the brain such that the leaner can easily learn other concepts faster than that learner who has only been exposed to one language. This is especially true of a situation where the languages are used simultaneously. Lee (1996). A story is told of how a girl, Hildegard was subjected to two languages from her parents who spoke both German and English respectively. We are told that at the age of two years she could not differentiate between the two languages’ vocabulary but when she visited Germany, she was able to speak German very well and she was able to use more German vocabulary. When it was time to go back to America she spoke English well and English was her most dominant language, since her father could speak with her in English. The best thing to be learnt here is that she did not confuse the vocabulary or the different linguistic elements of the two advantages. It was from this observation that her father Leopold concluded that a child has an advantage if he or she is introduced to different languages at an early stage in life. Bilingualism can also lead to people being accommodative to other people’s ways of life. When one learns a language he or she also learns about the culture and ways of that community hence appreciating that community.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Language policy in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometimes back the Saudi government did not want to yield to the introduction of other foreign languages but of late the Saudi leadership has allowed the teaching of English to fight intolerance of other among the learners and allow for a more open and accommodative society to th e other cultures. As the society moves towards global stage it is important for the citizens to freely communicate with the rest of the globe and the introduction of this bilingualism has had its advantages towards enhancing effective communication between members of different backgrounds. Saudi Arabia occupies a notable position in world affairs and therefore there is need for language policy that may be useful for multilingual society that is out there. This is seen in the diplomatic challenges that it faces. Ramirez (1985) argues that language is crucial for â€Å"the multilingual multicultural awareness in national security diplomacy and commerce†. Ramirez further observes that it is crucial for any society that provides product to have the language competence that will inform the cultural sensitivities around the globe. English language has gained an almost universal use all over the world. Many global higher education providers use English as their medium of instruction Graber Stoller (1997).What is more crucial, international events are held in this language; not forgetting the large networking sites that have gripped the communication scene in the whole world. Saudi Arabia is not spared in this fast paced global onslaught. What is encouraging is that Saudi Arabia government has made a deliberate effort to move the education standards a notch higher. However there is need for a more results oriented program for the English language in the country. There are however, encouraging signs as the government now funds schools and now most schools are now teaching English language as an independent subject.Advertising Looking for coursework on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The demand for English in Saudi Arabia is rising due to the advent of the information age. Parents on the other hand are willing to invest in it even organizing for private English language lessons for their children. Records further show that the Saudi government has increased its general funding for education programs through even provision of scholarships. According to Shamary (2008) most of the students are given scholarships to study abroad, in most cases United States of America. One can easily see the need for proper English teaching at elementary level. The Saudi government has therefore even gone further to adopt the English Proficiency test to monitor the quality of the English language. Cummins (1981) However I propose that for better results there is need for a proper immersion program for at the school level. It is well established that it is easier for a language to be acquired at a younger age than at a later day in life. That is why it is crucial for the program that is mandated to handle language to consider this. The advantages of learning while young are many. Firstly, it is easier for that learner to develop a native-like accent. Baker (2006). Secondly, the learners usually need a shorter time of learning to be considered proficient in that language. Another advantage could be that it is easy for the learner to acquire other skills faster as it aids cognitive development. Though an older learner can have the advantage of using the first language to draw from, it is not usually for such a learner to have a native-like accent. Actually, what the older learner may have may just be competence but not the performance. The partial immersion project I would suggest will be based at school level. First of all there is need to know what immersion is. Immersion is a type of bilingual education in which the learners from the majority language speaking group are instructed through the second language and their first language simultaneously. Lyster (198 7). In this program I would suggest that several main subjects are taught using English (L2) and Arabic (L1). In this case the students will be taught predominantly in English, which is the language that the students will be in the process of acquiring. The subjects could include Mathematics, Geography, History and all the science based subjects. But this will require a lot of cooperation. The program is unique as it will not only vouch for partial immersion, based on the background of Saudi Arabia. Factors and Variables There are several factors and variables that have to be considered in this program. Linguistic characteristics, coupled with how languages are interrelated play a major role in how fast learners can benefit from an immersion. For example, according to Garcia (2009) â€Å"†¦ Romance languages, such as Spanish and Italian, share characteristics, while Dutch, German, and Danish, as Germanic languages, have some things in common†. English and Arabic do not s hare these semblances; therefore there is need for an elaborate program to make this program a success. Attitudes of the communities and students should be considered. If in cases where there has been some skepticism, there is need for some enlightening by the government. It is good that the Saudi government supports its citizens to know about other languages as well. This is motivated by the accrued rewards for bilingual speakers. Economic factors that will go into implementing this program are to be considered. The good thing is that the government is funding students for this program, through grants and scholarships. There should be, however some challenges towards providing the relevant material. According to Garcia, there is need to look into the opportunity cost of the whole program. That means it should not just be about monetary cost, but other social challenges. Religious culture and ideology need to be considered. The Saudi set-up is that which epitomizes high Islamic devo tion. The culture is equally conservative as compared to that of the British people. By this, the program should majorly touch on those aspects of culture that do not contravene or contradict the Saudi culture. But it should be crucial for the learners to be informed that there are different cultures. Garcia (2009). There is also another major category known as the outcome factor. This involves linguistic factors and other social ones. But this program will focus on development of bilingual proficiency. This means that the goal here is to have two languages used. Language Maintenance This program will actually promote Arabic language maintenance, though English will be the target language. This is in line with the program as practiced in the Doha Academy in Qatar. This will be in such a way that, as the children are immersed in English, they will at the same time be exposed to strong Islamic religious studies and also the Arabic language. In class for example, separation of boys fro m girls in class will be maintained. This will ensure that by the time the children mature they will be bilingual. Since the Saudi Arabian context is a bit unique, I would suggest that the students are exposed to partial immersion in certain subjects this is due to the fact that it is important a most of the students may not have the chance to be exposed to the second language outside class. It is therefore crucial for them to be exposed to L2 as much as possible in class. However, the way the content is rendered should be accommodative. That means that there should be a lot of illustration done by the teacher to ensure that the concepts are acquired by all the students, especially in cases where there is need for concept elaboration, the instructor should take time to illustrate using both languages. It has been established that the Saudi Arabian students have a major problem at the phonological level. Oral proficiency has been the biggest challenge for the learners while using Eng lish for expression. To cater for this problem the program suggests that there is an early immersion, which means that at nine to ten years old, there should be an immersion program in place. This will handle the issue of phonological proficiency. We know from researches that native-like accent can only be achieved at this age. This is because English and Arabic differ in spelling to sound correspondences. So the earlier the learners are subjected to this language the sooner they develop the strategies aimed at mastering the challenges of phonological variations. In fact Lesaux Siegel (2003) feel that such phonological awareness does continue even as the learner grows. But such a program should be carefully implemented. The schools will be expected to have enough resources for the implementation of the program. These resources will include both the teaching and learning resources. The government should therefore have enough funds for such a program so as effective L2 learning is ac hieved. Another aspect of the program is that the language policy will be that which will require that a native-like proficiency is achieved. This should not be misconstrued to mean eventual abandoning of the culture of L1, but, language teaching should aim at oral proficiency in both languages which at the same time stressing the need for appreciating other cultures. Class size The class size should be a maximum of 40. For those that wish to create smaller classes have the freedom to do so. This will basically depend on the type of resources at hand. Traditionally classes in Saudi Arabia have always been smaller. This is good for teaching as it allows for an even higher teacher student ratio. The purpose of the program is actually directed at the learners becoming a proficient bilingual, while at the same time being competent in other subject areas. The program is designed to provide an additional language to the L1 of the learners. Brown Yule (1983). It is designed not to overshad ow the Arabic language. Actually it is not intended to replace Arabic but it is in essence designed to also enhance L1 and L2 skills mutually. The Saudi government supports Arabic language and therefore the partial immersion considers this. At some time there were fears from parents and some quotas that native culture is threatened by this. This is not true considering the design of this program is that while promoting the local culture, it provides an opportunity for the learner to be taught about another culture, hence achieving one of the objectives of the program. To even assure that the two languages are treated equally assessment is done in both English and Arabic, though instruction at later stages is done in L2. Content In this partial immersion in the school, there will be great emphasis on the content. Though content based learning will not be emphasized at elementary level, there is need for content based learning after year nine. Research has shown that content based ins truction plays a major role in acquisition of other competencies. First the students gain proficiency in language at a faster rate than those who use other non-immersion programs. Their performance in standardized exams has equally been noted. This is so because the concepts pertaining to the subjects are usually already familiar through their usual interaction in the language, not forgetting the role played by L2 in cognitive development as early observed. For this program issues to do with vocabulary, syntax and even phonology should be given credence. Another inference drawn from such performance is that through content-based instruction not only does one learn about language, but also content. They also experience increased motivation to learn as they are exposed to concepts using different medium. Also driven by increased chances of getting employment, many students usually have a heightened interest to excel in the second language and also other subjects in which the medium is used. Graber and Stoller (1997) have observed that language acquisition occurs in context and therefore since there is content based instruction provides a context through which meaning can be inferred communication is usually effective hence effective learning. This is unlike in situations where facts and notions are taught in isolation. The program will therefore provide material that is full of content to the learners. This will also provide the relevance needed for the learner to get meaning easily. Materials Another area that is of great use for the program has to do with the study material. Though this may pose a little challenge to the budget in the school, it is necessary that such is looked at seriously as it is critical to the success of this partial immersion program. There will be need for the schools to provide computers for the online interaction to aid first in motivation. These will also act as a platform through which the learners will see the importance and even p ut to practice what is learnt. For instance it could be instructive to ask the learners for instance to write and post their creative works online for the rest to enjoy. This will motivate many to develop that self drive to perfect their language. Proper language environments like the language laboratory should be in place so that every aspect of language can easily be handled, for instance aspects to do with phonological challenges that most Saudi learners encounter. It is not easy for the learners to achieve an almost native-like accent unless they are exposed to the proper articulation of the phonemes of the second language. The materials prepared for learning should cover different aspects. For example to cater for the cultural aspect it is crucial that the material used reflects the cultural attribute of the speaker of both languages. In most cased L2 culture should be taught since most of the students in Saudi Arabia only know of their culture. The Saudi government on top of o ffering scholarship it is important for it to put in more effort on providing sufficient fund to obtain the relevant material necessary for effective teaching of English. These will go a long way towards providing right charts, models, books, audio-visual equipment and many others. Assessment There should be clear assessment criteria in the program. One notable thing is that assessment should not be seen as a way of looking for mistakes, learners will first of all be informed as to the importance of assessment. The program will therefore adopt a flexible internal assessment. For example in creative writing, it is not important for the teacher to correct mistakes so that learners can freely release their full creative potential, without fear of their mistakes being pointed out. In other areas there should be external assessment that will be used to show the progress. This progress is crucial to the teacher as s/he will be able to identify some of the problem areas that need spinning. Saudi Arabian government has for example embraced an external language proficiency test too, which helps in benchmarking the standards with those of other nations in English language. Teachers The role of the teacher in this partial immersion program is quite important. Given the situation in Saudi Arabia, one can easily tell that for effective English language teaching, there is need for the teaching needs to be looked at in great detail. First of all there is need for teacher re-training so that most may become familiar with the needs of the program’s demands. This training could range from content handling, teaching methods, material preparation, lesson preparation and many others. Other areas that are of great concern have to do with handling the demands of L2 in school. Actually, the need for proper professional development should be a priority. This could be done through benchmarking with other models. In such cases the teachers could be exposed to how things are done in other model immersion programs abroad. Boutin (1993). The teachers may in turn come and induct the rest for the success of the program. The curriculum documents used should be specific and should reflect immersion program’s objectives. To curb a situation where the teachers may have reservations to bilingualism, there is need for in-service induction training that emphasize the need for bilingualism. There has been a situation where sometimes the school administrators and other staff may not be aware of the benefits of bilingualism. They may in the process fail to contribute the desired output to the language acquisition. For instance content taught by the science teachers can be backed by provision of an English language dictionary so that the students may equally get the vocabulary of the concept being taught in English too. Campaigns to enlighten the parents and the wider communication on the benefits of bilingualism should be carried out so that the program does not me et any form of resistance. When this is achieved, then learning will be smooth and learners will be motivated to learn the language and the culture of its native speakers. Lesson plans and materials relevant for the partial immersion program are supposed to be carefully crafted. That is why the teachers engaged in the program will be provided with ample release time to prepare lesson plans and arrange the other material necessary for lesson execution. The type of learning needs at various stages do vary with proper induction; the teachers handling the program should be equipped with the correct skills to master what is required at the different levels. For instance, learning usually varies from teacher centered approach at program inception and implementation to student centered as the students advance in the learning stages or classes. The level of language activities also varies with this stage development. Analysis This program will greatly aid second/foreign language acquisition since it considers the various aspects that are typical of the Saudi environment. First of all, the program as we are told, takes an integrated approach to learning. This means that no particular way dominates. The program did not consider total immersion approach. This is because the writing systems in English and Arabic are quite different. This would be disadvantageous in the long run, but the program has averted this and this is why it takes multi-stage approach. In the program only learners are introduced to content and outcomes that go along with that particular stage. What the program aims at is actually acquisition of linguistic skills that will guarantee achievement in the higher grades. The hybrid program also ensures that learners are exposed to the relevant material necessary for language acquisition. By this, the learners will for instance, know how to interact effectively online in the second language through exposure to the various aspects of culture of native Englis h speakers. Cognitive development is also enhanced when one is introduced to second language Macnamara (1966). Through this development, the learners will excel in both languages as they will discover that there is another medium which is worth exploring. With the government’s support for English language learning, enough resources that are needed for its acquisition will be greatly funded. These could be the teachers, books, rooms, computers etc. the program clearly vouches for a situation where the right resources are availed for proper language teaching. To achieve a native-like accent and proficiency, this hybrid program proposes that language be taught at different levels of complexity. This program, based on research carried out earlier, advocates for early exposure of the learners to the English language specifically this should be at the elementary school. Another major area that will provide effective acquisition has to do with content. The program has gone to a grea ter detail in elaborating the content areas that will be given credence. It has for example singled out the areas such as vocabulary acquisition, phonological aspects and even the syntactic aspects that need serious attention. This conclusion is based on several findings that had established that these were the problem areas by Saudi learners. To add on content is the content-based instruction. This approach will assist learners to develop concrete meanings derived from concrete experiences that they are subjected to. It has long been established for learners to conceive meaning from abstract concepts. But in content-based approach, the learners are able to get the ‘form’ of what is being talked about, and by this, it will be easy for them to remember the concepts that are learnt. Perhaps the vocabulary aspects in this situation usually are the greatest beneficiary. This is so because the learning activities may include the teacher preparing the learners to the vocabula ry that may be encountered in the lesson, and this will aid in comprehension of the concept while at the same time enhancing language acquisition. In practice, the program has put a lot of emphasis on the teaching needs of the program. It has been long established that Saudi government has had its share of staffing problems. First of all, this has been occasioned due to the high demand for English by students, thereby stretching the available number of teachers. Boutin (1993). There is also another problem where some of the expatriate teachers who are taken as mentors are not trained teachers. Another challenge has been that even the teachers who are trained, may lack the requisite knowledge to handle this partial immersion program. This program has noted this plus many other challenges and vouched to teacher re-training/induction to handle the peculiar challenge that the English language requires, under this partial immersion program. Another crucial milestone that the program has put is that of assessment. We are told that at times to put assessment in all aspects of language learning may at times hinder advancement. This is true in the creative writing. By leaving out assessment in such may encourage the students to expose their creative prowess, thereby develop the motivation and the competence to acquire the language. Due to the revolution in technology, the program has embraced learning that encourages the interaction of the students with technology. This could be through posts on the internet networking sites and generally, exposure to the potential that the language exposes one to. It can take the learner beyond the national boundaries. Armed with this awareness, the learner develops the impetus to master the language even more. The class size has a big impact on the language acquisition. A larger class is detrimental to learning as it diminishes individual attention. The program guarantees that a class of no more than thirty five is permitted. Reasons for the content areas to be taught The content areas that have been selected in this program are varied. One major reason is the level of the learner. The learner is given tasks that s/she can manage according to the level. Another reason is that phonological aspects have been found to be a major problem with Saudi students. Since Arabic, which most students speak, has a quite different phonological system as compared to English. It is this radical variation that gives the students a lot of trouble when they learn English. Syntactic aspects have also been given credence in the study. The reason as to why that is so is because many Saudi learners, research has established have a lot of trouble with verb agreement. This could be perhaps due to the diverse sentence structure between Arabic and English, the target language. Conclusion This partial immersion program is set up with very ambitious English language fluency goals. It is for this reason that it advances the notion of early e xposure to language aimed at enhancing a native-like fluency. Fluency in language has been known to be achieved only if the learner is exposed to language at a tender age. The program has set up proper mechanisms through which learners are motivated to learn the English language without any external inhibitions and interference. That is why it propagates for adequate provision of learning and teaching resources. The program has not also forgotten to reflect the benefits of proficiency, keeping in mind the technological, social and even economical global trends that are currently taking shape. Ultimately, the program shows that to increase the numbers of the learners who are proficient in English, there is need for careful attention to the policy of English of the Saudi government. There is need for total revamping of the whole education policy regarding language since second language proficiency has benefits that are unfathomable both to the learner and the nation at large. Referenc e List Baker, C., (2006). 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C ognitive Development in Bilingual Children: A Case for Bilingual Instruction in Early Childhood Education. The bilingual Research Journal, 20 (34) 499-522 Lesaux, K., N., and Siegel, S., L., (2003). The Development of Reading in Children Who Speak English as a Second Language. Lyster, R., (1987). Speaking Immersion. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 43, (4), pp. 701-717. Macnamara, J., (1966). Bilingualism and Primary Education. New Jersey: Cengage Ramirez, G., A., (1985). Bilingualism through Schooling: Cross Cultural Education for Minority and Majority Students. New York: SUNNY PRESS Shemary, A., (2008). Saudi Arabia: US Preferred Destination for Students, Ashraq, Alowsat. Snow M., A., Brinton, D., M., (Eds). The Content-Based Classroom: Perspectives on Integrating Language and Content (PP5-21). New York: Longman. This coursework on Language policy in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Sage Durham to help you with your own studies. 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